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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”), under the discarded Altaic theory.
The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.
Pronoun
*sẹ
- thou; you
Declension
Declension of *sẹ
(pronominal-n declension)
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singular
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| nominative
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*sẹ
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| accusative
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*sẹni
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| genitive
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*sẹniŋ
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| dative
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*saŋa
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| locative
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*sẹnte
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| ablative
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*sẹnten
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| allative 1)
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*saŋaru
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| instrumental 1)
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*sẹnin
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| equative 1)
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*sẹnče
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| similative 1)
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*sẹnleyü
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| comitative 1)
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*sẹnligü
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1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
Postposition
*sẹ
- Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are
- Denotes second person singular or plural after various tenses
Descendants
- Oghur
- Proto-Common Turkic: *sen
- Arghu:
- Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: سن (sän)
- Classical Azerbaijani:
- Azerbaijani: sən
- Qashqai: سن (sən)
- Gagauz: sän
- Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen)
- East Oghuz:
- Khorasani Turkish: سن (sän)
- Turkmen: sen
- Salar: [script needed] (sēn)
- Karluk
- Ili Turki: sen
- Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)
- Khorezmian Turkic: سن (sen)
- Chagatai: سن (sän)
- Uzbek: sen, -san
- Uyghur: سەن (sen), ـسەن (-sen)
- Kipchak:
- Kipchak-Bulgar:
- Bashkir: һин (hin)
- Tatar: син (sin)
- Kipchak-Cuman:
- Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)
- Kipchak: [script needed] (sen) (Codex Cumanicus)
- Armeno-Kipchak:
- Crimean Tatar: sen
- Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)
- Karaim: sen
- Kumyk: сен (sen)
- Urum: сен
- Kipchak-Nogai:
- Karakalpak: сен
- Kazakh: сен (sen)
- Nogai: сен (sen)
- Siberian Tatar: син
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
- Kyrgyz: сен (sen)
- Southern Altai: сен (sen)
- Siberian Turkic:
- Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (s²n² /sän/, pronoun and particle)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽰𐽺 (sʾn /sän/), 𐽻𐽺 (sn /sän/)
- North Siberian Turkic:
- Yakut: эн (en)
- Dolgan: эн
- South Siberian Turkic:
- Northern Altai: сен (sen)
- Sayan:
- Tuvan: сен (sen, pronoun and particle)
- Tofa: сен
- Yenisei:
References
- Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*si”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- Clauson, Gerard (1972), “sen”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 831