Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/geban

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-

Proto-Germanic *gebaną

Proto-West Germanic *geban

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *gebaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-.

Verb

*geban^[1]

to give

Inflection

Strong class 5
Infinitive	*geban
1st sg. past	*gab
3rd pl. past	*gābun
Past ptcple	*geban
Infinitive	*geban
Genitive infin.	*gebannjas
Dative infin.	*gebannjē
Instrum. infin.	*gebannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*gebu	*gab
2nd singular	*gibiʀi	*gābī
3rd singular	*gibidi	*gab
1st plural	*gebum	*gābum
2nd plural	*gibid	*gābud
3rd plural	*geband	*gābun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*gebē	*gābī
2nd singular	*gebēs	*gābī
3rd singular	*gebē	*gābī
1st plural	*gebēm	*gābīm
2nd plural	*gebēþ	*gābīd
3rd plural	*gebēn	*gābīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*gib
Plural	*gibid
	Present	Past
Participle	*gebandī	*geban

Derived terms

Descendants

Old English: ġiefan, ġifan — West Saxon, ġyfan — Late West Saxon, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan — Anglian, Kentish
- Middle English: yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven
  - English: yive, yeve
  - Yola: yie, ye, yive
- ⇒ Middle English: given, gifen, geven
  - English: give
  - English: (West Yorkshire) gie, gi'
  - Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
  - Yola: gee
  (influenced by Old Norse gefa)
Old Frisian: jeva
- North Frisian: jiw
  Föhr-Amrum: jiiw
  Mooring: jeewe
- West Frisian: jaan
Old Saxon: gevan, geƀan
- Middle Low German: geven
  - Low German: geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen
Old Dutch: gevan
- Middle Dutch: gēven
  - Dutch: geven
    - Afrikaans: gee
    - Javindo: heef
    - Jersey Dutch: xêve
    - Negerhollands: gie, gi, giev, gief
    - Skepi Creole Dutch: gef
  - Limburgish: gaeve
Old High German: geban, (chiefly Bavarian) keban, kepan, (Central Franconian) gevan
- Middle High German: gëben, gēn (contracted), gegëben, këben (Bavarian), gëven (Central Franconian)
  - Alemannic German: gë, gua, gää, gea
  - Bavarian: gebn
    Cimbrian: gem, ghèban (Sette Comuni)
  - Central Franconian: jevve, jenn, gewe, gewwe, genn
    Hunsrik: gewe
    Luxembourgish: ginn
  - East Franconian: geb, gebe, gewe
  - German: geben
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: gewwe
  - Vilamovian: gaon, gann
  - Yiddish: געבן (gebn)

References

^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 67: “‘you gave’ [...] PWGmc *gābī”

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 67: “‘you gave’ [...] PWGmc *gābī”

[1]