Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/xʷa

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Yeniseian

Alternative reconstructions

*Ha-, *a- (per Vajda-Werner 2022)

Reconstruction notes

Initial rounded velar fricative, *xʷ-, have elided in the first and second person singular pronoun constructs, given below, but survives in the third person singular animate pronoun. Vajda-Werner (2022) clump all three under the same root, which is adopted here.

Etymology

The existence of such a stem can only be inferred from the compounds given below, since no direct evidence for the standalone use of this root has been attested in any of the Yeniseian languages.

Pronoun

*xʷa- (base stem)

fossilized generic personal pronoun stem

Descendants

⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *xʷa-xʷ (first person singular pronoun)
- Ketic:
  - Imbak Ket: áde (M., W.), ad (Ad.), dɨ (Kl.)
    - Ket: ат (āˑd)
  - Yug: ат (at, ăt)
- Kottic:
  - Assan: aj (M., W., Kl.), ja (Kl.)
  - Kott: aj (M., W., Kl.), ai (C.), ja (Kl.)
- Arinic:
  - Arin: aj (M., W., Kl.), ä (Kl.)
- Pumpokolic:
  - Pumpokol: ad (Kl.)

⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *xʷa-w (second person singular pronoun)
- Ketic:
  - Imbak Ket: u (M., W., Ad.)
    - Ket: у (ūˑ)
  - Yug: у (ūˑ)
- Kottic:
  - Assan: au (M., W.)
  - Kott: au (M., W.)
- Arinic:
  - Arin: au (M., W.)
- Pumpokolic:
  - Pumpokol: úe (M., W.)

⇒ Proto-Yeniseian: *xʷa-d (third person singular pronoun)
- Kottic:
  - ⇒ Kott: hatú (W.), xatu m (M., Kl.)
  - ⇒ Kott: hata (W.), xata f (M.)
- Arinic:
  - Arin: au (M., W.), xatu m (Kl.)
- Pumpokolic:
  - Pumpokol: ádu m (M., W.)