Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/steh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*teh₂-

Root

*steh₂- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to stand (up)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂- (125 c, 0 e)

*stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)
*stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)
*st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
^? *stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)
*ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)
*steyh₂-
*sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *tāyeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stāną (or from *sth₂-yé-ti^[5]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)
*stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)
*steh₂-tleh₂^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *stātlā
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Middle Breton: seuzl
      - Breton: seul
    - Cornish: seudhel, sul
    - Middle Welsh: saudel, sodlau
      - Welsh: sawdl
  - Old Irish: sál
*sth₂-dʰló-
- Proto-Italic: *staθlom
- Proto-Germanic: *stallaz
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stadla
  - Proto-Slavic: *stadlo
    - Old Czech: stádlo^[2]
    - Old Polish: stadło
      - Polish: stadło
*steh₂-gʰo-s^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas
  - Lithuanian: stógas
  - Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂-l-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f
  - >? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálam
    - Sanskrit: स्थल (sthala, “firm ground, foundation”) (or from *stel-^[9])
*stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s
*steh₂-mo-s^[3]
- Proto-Italic: *stāmos
  - Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei
*stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō
  - Lithuanian: stuomuõ
  - Latvian: stāmen
*stóh₂-mo-s^[11]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas
  - Lithuanian: stúomas
  - Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks
  - Ancient Greek: στώμιξ (stṓmix)
*stéh₂-no-m^[12]^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-nó-s^[14]^[15]
- Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)
^? *sth₂-ró-s^[2]
- >? Proto-Albanian: *stara
  - Albanian: stër- (“large”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás
    - Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *stHráh
    - Ossetian: стыр (styr)
    - Pashto: ستر (stër)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: ṣtār
*steh₂-ró-s^[2]^[16]^[17]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras
  - Lithuanian: stóras
  - Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)
*stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s
*sth₂-tó-s
*stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s^[3]^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtus
  - Proto-Slavic: *statъ
- Proto-Italic: *status
  - Latin: status (see there for further descendants)
*stéh₂-wr̥^[18]
- Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər
  - Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîăr), στῆρ (stêr)
*sth₂-wéh₂
- ⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *stūlā-, *stūlwā-
- Albanian: shtyllë (pillar)
Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: postātwei, postānimai
Proto-Celtic: *stagnom (“tin”) (see there for further descendants)
Celtic
- Welsh: sefyll
Proto-Germanic: *stamniz (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: στάδιος (stádios), στάδιον (stádion) (see there for further descendants)
Indo-Iranian:
- Iranian:
  - Northern Kurdish: westîn (“to be tired”) (>rawestîn/hilwestîn (“to stand”), vewestîn (“to stop”))
  - Central Kurdish: وەستان (westan, “to stand, wait, stop”)
  - Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)
  - Ossetian: стын (styn)
Phrygian: εσταες (estaes) (augmented with *h₁e-)
Proto-Tocharian: *stäm-
- Tocharian A: ṣtäm-
- Tocharian B: stäm-

Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-

>? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s
- >? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- +‎ *-tʰmós)
  - Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)
*stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)^[19]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda
  - Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)
*sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)

Extended form *steh₂w-^[20]^[21]

*stéh₂w-eh₂-ti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwēˀtei, *stāˀwā́ˀtei
  - Latvian: stāvēt
  - Lithuanian: stovėti
  - Proto-Slavic: *stavati (“to stand up, to become”) (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)^[22]^[23]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (“to stow”) (see there for further descendants)
*steh₂u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - >? Old Armenian: ստուար (stuar)^[24] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *staurós
  - Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *stauros
  - ⇒ Latin: īnstaurō, restaurō (see there for further descendants)
*stoh₂w-ih₂ (collective)^[25]
- Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)
  - Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōĭ̈ā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)
*stoh₂w-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ
  - Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)
- Proto-Germanic: *stōō
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *staHwarás
    - Sanskrit: स्थावर (sthāvará)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Persian: ستاوند (sotâvand)
    - Northern Kurdish: sivêrnek, sivande, sibirnek (and other dialectal formations)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staH-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: स्था (sthā)
- Proto-Iranian: *staH-^[26]

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 590-592
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 637-659
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590
^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 625
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 134
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “stalas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 662
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “stuomuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “stuomas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stânъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “stonas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtãnzë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 371
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “shtazë, shtëzë ~ shtâzë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 437
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “storas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στέαρ, στέατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1392–1393
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàdo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-465
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “īnstaurō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σταυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1391
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “stovėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 199
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στοᾱ́”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1407
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*staH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 358-361

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 590-592

[NIL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 637-659

[DV_stō-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590

[4] Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 625

[5] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 134

[D_stogas_II-6] Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[D_*stòlъ-7] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015), “stalas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426

[9] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 662

[D_stuomuo-10] Derksen, Rick (2015), “stuomuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

[D_stuomas-11] Derksen, Rick (2015), “stuomas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

[D_*stânъ-12] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stânъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[D_stonas-13] Derksen, Rick (2015), “stonas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429

[D_shtãnsë-14] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “shtãnzë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 371

[15] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998), “shtazë, shtëzë ~ shtâzë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 437

[D_*stàrъ-16] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465

[D_storas-17] Derksen, Rick (2015), “storas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[18] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στέαρ, στέατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1392–1393

[D_*stàdo-19] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàdo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-465

[20] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “īnstaurō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305

[21] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σταυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1391

[D_*stàviti-22] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*stàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466

[D_stoveti-23] Derksen, Rick (2015), “stovėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[24] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 199

[25] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “στοᾱ́”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1407

[26] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*staH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 358-361

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